Economist
Gustave de Molinari
A Belgian economist, Molinari pioneered competitive government, proposing free competition in security and governance as an intellectual root of anarcho-capitalism and voluntary jurisdictions.

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Political economist · 1819–1912
Profile is a model built from 240 answers simulated in character; not a statement by the person.
Compare your own views01 / The profile
Twelve axes, one perspective
02 / What stands out
Three distinctive positions
57.9pt
Trade
3.8% Protectionism, compared with the ideology catalog’s 61.7% median.
How open should the economy be to international exchange?
56.3pt
Structure
93.8% Federal, compared with the ideology catalog’s 37.5% median.
Where should public power live?
56.2pt
Control
6.3% Planning, compared with the ideology catalog’s 62.5% median.
How should economic activity be coordinated?
The profile in detail
Government and accountability. Structure: 93.8% Federal, 6.2% Unitary (Very strong Federal); Representation: 73.8% Democracy, 26.2% Autocracy (Strong Democracy). This combination separates where authority is located from how leaders are selected and constrained. It preserves those two choices even when a broad political label does not distinguish them. On Representation, the 877-profile catalog median is 57.5% Democracy; Gustave de Molinari sits 16.3 points above it. 274 reference profiles share this band.
Civil power and culture. Power: 7.5% Security, 92.5% Liberty (Very strong Liberty); Immigration: 28.7% Assimilation, 71.3% Multiculturalism (Leaning Multiculturalism). The first contrast concerns limits on civil life; the second concerns cultural adaptation and plural identities. Reading them together avoids inferring an immigration position solely from a preference about security. On Power, the 877-profile catalog median is 58.8% Security; Gustave de Molinari sits 51.3 points below it. 62 reference profiles share this band.
Force and foreign policy. Diplomacy: 15% Militarist, 85% Pacifist (Strong Pacifist); Intervention: 80% Non-interventionist, 20% Nationalist (Strong Non-interventionist). Military capacity and projection of national interests are distinct choices in this model. These coordinates show how the profile combines military means and external objectives, without assuming that they always move together. On Intervention, the 877-profile catalog median is 48.8% Non-interventionist; Gustave de Molinari sits 31.2 points above it. 105 reference profiles share this band.
Ownership, coordination and trade. Economy: 7.5% Public, 92.5% Private (Very strong Private); Control: 6.3% Planning, 93.7% Free market (Very strong Free market); Trade: 3.8% Protectionism, 96.2% Globalism (Very strong Globalism). These ask three different questions: who owns, how activity is coordinated and how the economy engages abroad. The economic profile of Gustave de Molinari depends on that combination, rather than a single left or right classification. On Economy, the 877-profile catalog median is 53.2% Public; Gustave de Molinari sits 45.7 points below it. 36 reference profiles share this band.
Belief and social norms. Religion: 68.8% Irreligious, 31.2% Religious (Leaning Irreligious); Morality: 51.2% Progressive, 48.8% Traditionalist (Balanced). The model keeps religious influence separate from continuity in social norms. These values describe the reference profile; they do not assign a religion to someone who receives this match in the quiz. On Morality, the 877-profile catalog median is 38.8% Progressive; Gustave de Molinari sits 12.4 points above it. 107 reference profiles share this band.
Technology and limits. Technology: 67.5% Technology, 32.5% Biology (Leaning Technology). This adds a perspective on innovation and biological continuity that cannot be inferred directly from the economic coordinates. For Gustave de Molinari, the 17.5-point distance from the center indicates the intensity of this particular position. On Technology, the 877-profile catalog median is 57.5% Technology; Gustave de Molinari sits 10.0 points above it. 299 reference profiles share this band.
03 / Connections
Nearby profiles

Murray Rothbard
98.5% compatibility

Lysander Spooner
97.5% compatibility

Ludwig von Mises
97.5% compatibility

Robert Nozick
96.9% compatibility

Samuel Edward Konkin III
95.8% compatibility

Hal Finney
95.7% compatibility
At the other end of the catalog
Closest ideologies
Closest countries & regions
Three views of compatibility
Political
Libertarianism
97.5%
12 axes considered
Social
Minarchism
98%
9 axes considered
Economic
Libertarianism
99.8%
3 axes considered
Further reading
1849
The Production of Security
Find the book ↗Got Gustave de Molinari on the 12 Axes test?
Look at the other nearby profiles and the axes where you differ. A match is a starting point for exploring ideas, rather than a final identity.
Understand your result ↗Frequently asked questions
What does getting Gustave de Molinari on the test mean?
Your twelve scores are relatively close to this reference profile. A match describes similarity inside the model; it does not imply agreement with every action, policy or belief associated with Gustave de Molinari.
Which ideology is closest to Gustave de Molinari?
Libertarianism has 97.5% compatibility in the catalog. This score combines axis proximity, overall direction, intensity and the largest difference between the profiles.
Which axis stands out for Gustave de Molinari?
Trade is among the furthest from the center: 3.8% Protectionism and 96.2% Globalism. Read all twelve axes to understand the full combination.
Your perspective, in detail
Where do your ideas stand?
Explore twelve dimensions and discover the combinations that make your perspective your own.



